This document compiles professional terms covering three major full-scale industrial water treatment scenarios: pure water production, circulating cooling water and wastewater treatment. All definitions are concise, straightforward, accurate and standardized, aligned with on-site industrial practices. It is suitable for frontline staff training, technical instruction and document archiving.
I. Chemical Water Treatment (Items 1–44)
1. Surface Water
Natural water bodies exposed to the atmosphere, including rivers, lakes, glaciers, marshes and wetlands; the primary intake source of raw water for general industrial applications.
2. Groundwater
Water stored in pores, fissures and karst caves of subsurface rock and soil, featuring stable water quality and low suspended solids content.
3. Raw Water
Untreated initial water sourced directly from natural environments without advanced artificial purification; a general term for the inflow of water treatment systems.
4. pH Value
A core indicator reflecting the acid-base property of water, defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion activity in water. Neutral water has a pH value of 7 at normal temperature.
5. Total Alkalinity
Total amount of alkaline substances in water capable of neutralizing strong acids, mainly bicarbonates, carbonates and hydroxides.
6. Phenolphthalein Alkalinity
Alkalinity titrated with phenolphthalein as the indicator, with a titration endpoint pH of 8.2–8.4; it only reflects partial alkaline components.
7. Methyl Orange Alkalinity
Total alkalinity titrated with methyl orange as the indicator, with a titration endpoint pH of 3.1–4.4. This value equals total alkalinity for natural fresh water, while a discrepancy exists for water containing strong alkalis.
8. Total Acidity
Total quantity of acidic substances in water that can undergo neutralization reactions with strong alkalis.
9. Total Hardness
Total concentration of calcium and magnesium ions in water, a key index for evaluating scaling risk of water.
10. Temporary Hardness
Hardness originating from calcium bicarbonate and magnesium bicarbonate, which can be decomposed and precipitated out by boiling; also known as carbonate hardness.
11. Permanent Hardness
Hardness derived from sulfates, chlorides and nitrates of calcium and magnesium, which cannot be removed by boiling; also called non-carbonate hardness.
12. Dissolved Solids
Microfine impurities evenly dispersed in water in molecular or ionic form, featuring extremely small particle sizes, no Tyndall effect and invisibility to the naked eye.
13. Colloids
Colloidal particles aggregated from tiny micro-particles in water, with particle sizes between dissolved solids and suspended solids. Invisible to human eyes, they produce the Tyndall effect and do not settle when standing still.
14. Suspended Solids
Large insoluble impurities in water, visible to the naked eye, which settle naturally or float upon static placement.
15. Total Salinity
Sum mass of all cations and anions contained in water, directly indicating the salt concentration level of the water body.
16. Turbidity
An index representing the turbidity degree of water, intuitively reflecting the relative content of suspended solids and colloidal particles in water.
17. TDS (Total Dissolved Solids)
Total mass of all dissolved inorganic and organic solids in one liter of water under specified temperature conditions, a fundamental water quality parameter.
18. Water Resistance
Resistance of water to electric current conduction. The purer the water and the fewer ions it contains, the higher the water resistance value.
19. Conductance
The capacity of water to conduct electric current, positively correlated with the ion content in water.
20. Conductivity
Reciprocal of water resistivity; its value rises with increasing salinity, serving as a core on-site index for rapid judgment of water purity.
21. Resistivity
An index characterizing the insulating performance of water, a special evaluation indicator for high-purity water and ultrapure water. Higher resistivity corresponds to purer water.
22. Softened Water
Water with calcium and magnesium hardness removed or drastically reduced via treatment processes. Its total salinity remains basically unchanged, only scaling-causing hardness is eliminated.
23. Desalted Water
Water with most electrolytic salts removed through desalination processes, with water quality between tap water and pure water.
24. Pure Water
High-purity water processed by advanced treatment to remove the vast majority of electrolytes, silica, carbon dioxide, colloids and other impurities.
25. Ultrapure Water
Fully purified water with almost complete removal of salts, colloids, organics, microorganisms and particulate matter, representing the highest grade of industrial pure water.
26. Deoxygenated Water
Water with dissolved oxygen eliminated by physical or chemical means, mainly applied in boilers and thermal pipelines to prevent oxygen corrosion.
27. Ion Exchange
Classic water production technology that separates and removes various anions and cations from water by utilizing the adsorption and displacement properties of ion exchange resins.
28. Cation Resin
Cation exchange resin that releases hydrogen ions to displace and adsorb cations such as calcium, magnesium and sodium in water.
29. Anion Resin
Anion exchange resin that releases hydroxide ions to displace and adsorb anions including sulfate, chloride and bicarbonate in water.
30. Inert Resin
Inert filler without ion exchange activity, used for layered separation of cation and anion resins to avoid cross-contamination during resin regeneration and improve water production efficiency.
31. MF (Microfiltration)
Low-pressure precision filtration process that effectively intercepts large-size impurities such as particulates, suspended solids and bacteria in water.
32. UF (Ultrafiltration)
Pressure-driven membrane separation process capable of retaining colloids, macromolecular organics and bacterial cells while allowing small-molecule salts to pass through.
33. NF (Nanofiltration)
Membrane process with filtration precision between ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis, which selectively intercepts divalent ions and macromolecular impurities and permits partial monovalent salt ions to permeate.
34. Osmosis
A natural physical phenomenon where water molecules spontaneously diffuse from the side with low solute concentration to the high-solute-concentration side through a semipermeable membrane.
35. Osmotic Pressure
Minimum critical pressure that must be applied to the concentrated water side to balance the natural osmosis of water.
36. RO (Reverse Osmosis)
Mainstream advanced desalination process. External pressure exceeding osmotic pressure is applied to force water molecules to pass through the semipermeable membrane in reverse direction, intercepting salts, colloids, microorganisms and particulates in water.
37. Dialysis
Separation process of different solutes and particulates in water via semipermeable membranes relying on solution concentration difference.
38. ED (Electrodialysis)
Water desalination and softening process driven by directional migration of ions in water under an applied electric field.
39. EDI (Electrodeionization)
Continuous electrodeionization technology integrating ion exchange and electric field ion migration. It enables continuous and stable production of high-purity water without chemical regeneration by acid and alkali.
40. Recovery Rate
Percentage of qualified product water output relative to raw water inflow in membrane water treatment systems, reflecting water resource utilization efficiency.
41. Salt Rejection Rate
Proportion of soluble salt impurities removed by membrane systems, a core performance indicator of membrane elements.
42. Salt Passage Rate
Inverse parameter of salt rejection rate, referring to the proportion of salt impurities penetrating membrane components; lower values represent superior membrane performance.
43. Flux
Water production volume per unit membrane area per unit time, used to measure the water output capacity of membrane elements.
44. Product Water / Concentrate Water
Product water: qualified purified water filtered and purified by membranes.
Concentrate water: high-salinity wastewater enriched with impurities intercepted by membranes.
II. Circulating Cooling Water Treatment (Items 45–87)
45. Circulating Cooling Water System
A water supply system that takes water as heat exchange medium and removes heat from industrial equipment through continuous circulating flow.
46. Once-through Cooling Water System
Cooling water is only used for heat exchange once and then discharged directly without recycling, resulting in massive water resource consumption.
47. Open Circulating Water System
Water is in direct contact with atmosphere; heat is dissipated by water evaporation. Most water is recycled, making it the most widely adopted system in industry.
48. Closed Circulating Water System
The whole system is fully sealed and isolated from air with no water evaporation or leakage, featuring stable water quality and extremely low water loss.
49. Cooling Tower
Special industrial heat dissipation equipment that lowers water temperature via heat exchange between water and air, categorized into natural draft type and mechanical draft type.
50. Water Distributor
Matching component of cooling tower, used to evenly distribute return circulating water for uniform heat dissipation of fill media and avoid local biased flow.
51. Fill Media
Core heat exchange component of cooling tower, which greatly enlarges contact area between water and air to improve cooling efficiency.
52. Drift Eliminator
Installed at the upper part of cooling tower to intercept fine water droplets entrained by air flow and effectively reduce water drift loss.
53. Circulating Water Flow Rate
Total water volume continuously delivered by cooling tower and circulating pipelines per unit time.
54. System Hold-up Volume
Total water stored in water basins, pipelines, heat exchangers and equipment cavities throughout the entire circulating water system.
55. Makeup Water
Fresh supplementary water to compensate losses caused by system evaporation, blowdown, water drift and equipment leakage.
56. Side-stream Flow Rate
Water diverted from main circulation loop, filtered and purified before flowing back, which continuously removes impurities and stabilizes water quality.
57. Evaporation Loss
Water consumed by vaporization during cooling tower heat dissipation, the primary water loss of the system.
58. Blowdown Volume
Circulating water discharged regularly and quantitatively to control salt concentration and prevent scaling and corrosion.
59. Drift & Leakage Loss
Unorganized water loss arising from water drift of cooling towers and seal leakage of pipelines and equipment.
60. Concentration Cycles
Ratio of salt concentration in circulating water to that in makeup water, a core parameter for circulating water quality control.
61. Heat Exchange
Heat transfer process between objects at different temperatures, with four basic forms: heat conduction, convection, thermal radiation and evaporative cooling.
62. Heat Conduction
Heat transfer through direct contact of objects without relative displacement.
63. Convective Heat Transfer
Heat exchange accompanied by fluid flow, the dominant heat transfer mode in circulating water systems.
64. Thermal Radiation
High-temperature objects radiate heat outward in the form of electromagnetic waves without medium contact.
65. Evaporative Heat Transfer
Cooling mode where water absorbs latent heat of vaporization through evaporation to reduce water temperature.
66. Inlet & Outlet Water Temperature Difference
Temperature difference between cooling tower inlet water and outlet water, directly reflecting the heat dissipation performance of equipment.
67. Wet Bulb Temperature
Temperature when air reaches water vapor saturation state, the theoretical lowest cooling limit of cooling towers.
68. Dry Bulb Temperature
Ambient air temperature directly measured by standard thermometers, serving as the reference environmental temperature.
69. Physical Cleaning
Removal of dirt, debris and sediments on inner walls of equipment and pipelines via physical means such as high-pressure water jet washing and mechanical scrubbing.
70. Chemical Cleaning
Addition of special chemical agents to dissolve and peel rust, scale and bio-slime on equipment inner walls and activate metal substrate surfaces.
71. Pre-filming
After qualified equipment cleaning, pre-filming chemicals are dosed to form a dense protective film on metal inner walls to isolate corrosive media.
72. Corrosion Inhibitor
Special water treatment chemical that adsorbs and covers metal surfaces after dosing to restrain and slow down equipment corrosion rate.
73. Antiscalant
Prevents scaling and blockage on heating surfaces of heat exchangers by interfering crystallization of calcium and magnesium ions and dispersing microcrystals.
74. Oxidizing Biocide
Rapidly destroys microbial structures by strong oxidation to realize sterilization and algae removal with fast bactericidal speed.
75. Non-oxidizing Biocide
Kills microorganisms by damaging their metabolism, cell walls and enzyme systems; not interfered by reducing substances in water with long-lasting efficacy.
76. Available Chlorine
Equivalent chlorine content in chlorine-containing disinfectants with oxidation, sterilization and algaecidal capacity, a core index of bactericidal efficiency.
77. Residual Chlorine
Remaining available chlorine after water chlorination, which continuously inhibits the reproduction of bacteria and algae and stabilizes water quality.
78. Combined Chlorine
Chloramine substances generated by combination of chlorine and ammonia nitrogen in water, featuring slow sterilization speed but strong stability and long-term bacteriostasis.
79. Free Residual Chlorine
Free hypochlorous acid, hypochlorite ions and chlorine gas in water with fast and strong sterilization effect yet prone to consumption and attenuation.
80. Orthophosphate
Pentavalent orthophosphate phosphorus in water, the main target for phosphorus removal in wastewater and circulating water.
81. Organophosphorus
Phosphorus-containing compounds with carbon-phosphorus chemical bonds, widely applied in antiscalants and corrosion inhibitors for circulating water.
82. Total Iron
Total content of all iron forms in water including elemental iron, ionic iron and colloidal iron.
83. Total Zinc
Total content of all zinc forms in water, mainly used to monitor residual zinc-based chemicals and equipment corrosion.
84. Chemical Retention Time
Continuous duration of effective efficacy of water treatment chemicals after dosing into the system.
85. Scaling
Phenomenon that calcium and magnesium salts in water precipitate solid sediments under heating and concentration, then adhere to inner walls of equipment and pipelines.
86. Corrosion
Oxidation, damage and deterioration process of metallic and non-metallic equipment under the action of water, acid & alkali, oxygen, microorganisms and other media.
87. Bio-slime
Soft dirt formed by mixture of microbial thallus, metabolic mucus, impurities and sediment, which easily blocks pipelines and induces under-deposit corrosion.
III. Wastewater Treatment (Items 88–180)
88. Domestic Sewage
Wastewater generated from cooking, washing, bathing and toilet use in residents’ daily lives, rich in organics, nitrogen, phosphorus and microorganisms.
89. Municipal Sewage
Mixed wastewater collected by urban sewer networks, including domestic sewage, industrial wastewater and intercepted combined stormwater.
90. Industrial Wastewater
Effluent produced during enterprise production processes, characterized by complex pollutants, wide concentration fluctuations and strong toxicity.
91. COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)
Oxygen consumption converted from oxidizing organic matter in water with strong oxidants, indicating the total organic pollution load of water bodies.
92. BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand)
Oxygen quantity required for microorganisms to decompose biodegradable organics in water, representing biodegradable pollution load.
93. B/C Ratio
Ratio of BOD to COD, the core criterion for judging wastewater biodegradability and the feasibility of biochemical treatment.
94. TOC (Total Organic Carbon)
Direct measurement of total organic carbon content in water, accurately reflecting the total amount of all organic pollutants.
95. Ammonia Nitrogen
Nitrogen in the form of free ammonia and ammonium ions in water, a primary over-limit indicator for wastewater denitrification and pollution control.
96. Organic Nitrogen
Nitrogen bound in organic substances such as proteins, urea and amino acids.
97. TKN (Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen)
Sum of ammonia nitrogen and biodegradable organic nitrogen in water, an important reference index for biochemical nitrogen removal.
98. Nitrate Nitrogen
Inorganic nitrogen in the form of nitrates and nitrites in water, mainly produced during nitrification.
99. TN (Total Nitrogen)
Total content of all organic and inorganic nitrogen in water, a key controlled indicator in wastewater discharge standards.
100. TP (Total Phosphorus)
Total phosphorus content converted to orthophosphate for all phosphorus species in water, used to control water eutrophication.
101. Hypophosphite Phosphorus
Low-valence phosphorus in hypophosphite form, which cannot be removed by conventional coagulation-sedimentation and requires dedicated treatment processes.
102. Colority
Water discoloration caused by dissolved and colloidal colored impurities, divided into apparent colority and true colority.
103. Bar Screen
Core pretreatment equipment for wastewater, used to intercept large floating debris such as plastic bags, branches and stones to protect subsequent pumps and machinery.
104. Primary Sedimentation Tank
Primary treatment structure that removes coarse sediment, suspended solids and scum from wastewater via gravity settling.
105. Equalization Tank
Balances influent flow, water quality and pH value, buffers shock loads and stabilizes the operation of downstream biochemical systems.
106. Emergency Storage Tank
Emergency storage tank for holding over-standard, high-concentration and accidental wastewater to avoid shocking or paralyzing biochemical systems.
107. Oil Separator
Pretreatment equipment that naturally separates floating oil and heavy oil from wastewater by density difference between oil and water.
108. Air Flotation
Fine microbubbles are released to adhere to suspended impurities and oil in water, lifting particles upward to realize solid-liquid and oil-water separation.
109. Biochemical Tank
Core reaction structure that degrades organic pollutants and removes nitrogen and phosphorus through microbial metabolism.
110. Secondary Sedimentation Tank
Supporting structure for biochemical systems to complete mud-water separation, sludge thickening and sludge return, ensuring clear and compliant effluent.
111. Horizontal Flow Sedimentation Tank
Rectangular long tank where wastewater flows horizontally at uniform velocity for gravity sedimentation, suitable for large-flow wastewater treatment.
112. Vertical Flow Sedimentation Tank
Central vertical inflow and peripheral outflow; sludge settles rapidly by self-weight with small floor area, applicable to small and medium flow rates.
113. Radial Flow Sedimentation Tank
Central inflow and radial peripheral outflow with excellent settling performance, widely adopted in large municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants.
114. Sludge Tank
Used for storing, thickening and settling returned sludge and excess sludge, matched with sludge disposal systems.
115. Monitoring Tank
Collects treated compliant clean water for online water quality monitoring, flow buffering, discharge and reuse.
116. Coagulation
Chemicals are dosed to destabilize colloidal particles in water and break suspension stability, creating conditions for flocculation and sedimentation.
117. Flocculation
Process where destabilized micro colloidal particles adsorb and aggregate with each other to form large dense flocs.
118. Coagulant Treatment
Complete process of coagulation plus flocculation, the core pretreatment technology to remove colloids and suspended solids from wastewater and raw water.
119. Metabolism
Process in which microorganisms exchange substances and energy with surrounding water to achieve self-growth, reproduction and renewal.
120. Zoogloea
Flocculent bacterial clusters aggregated by bacteria, the core functional component of activated sludge.
121. Filamentous Bacteria
Slender filamentous microorganisms forming the skeleton of sludge flocs; excessive propagation triggers sludge bulking and poor settling performance.
122. Autotrophic Bacteria
Grow and metabolize using inorganic carbon as carbon source without organic pollutants, mainly participating in nitrification, desulfurization and other reactions.
123. Heterotrophic Bacteria
Utilize organics in water as carbon and energy sources, the dominant flora degrading organic pollutants in biochemical systems.
124. Anaerobic Environment
Engineering standard: DO ＜ 0.2 mg/L, no free dissolved oxygen or nitrate nitrogen, suitable for metabolism of anaerobic microorganisms.
125. Aerobic Environment
Engineering standard: DO ＞ 0.5 mg/L with sufficient dissolved oxygen to meet the demand of aerobic microorganisms for pollutant degradation.
126. Anoxic Environment
Engineering standard: DO 0.2–0.5 mg/L, free oxygen absent but nitrate nitrogen present, dedicated environment for denitrification.
127. Activated Sludge Process
Suspension-grown activated sludge flora adsorbs and degrades wastewater pollutants, and clean water is obtained through mud-water separation.
128. Biofilm Process
Fixed biofilm attaches to filler surfaces to continuously contact and degrade organics in wastewater, featuring low sludge yield and strong shock resistance.
129. HRT (Hydraulic Retention Time)
Average residence and reaction duration of wastewater in reaction tanks, a core parameter for process design.
130. SRT (Sludge Retention Time)
Average cycle for full renewal and replacement of microorganisms in aeration tanks, regulating sludge activity and flora structure.
131. SV30 (30-Minute Sludge Settling Ratio)
Percentage of settled sludge volume to total mixed liquor volume after 30 minutes static sedimentation of aeration mixed liquid.
132. MLSS (Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids)
Total weight of dry sludge in 1 liter of aeration tank mixed liquid, reflecting total sludge quantity of the system.
133. MLVSS (Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids)
Concentration of biologically active organic microorganisms in mixed liquid, representing effective sludge volume.
134. RSS (Returned Sludge Suspended Solids)
Concentration of sludge returned from secondary sedimentation tank to aeration tank, used for system mass balance calculation.
135. SVI (Sludge Volume Index)
Key index evaluating sludge settling performance and compactness, used to judge sludge bulking and aging conditions.
136. Internal Recirculation Ratio
Ratio of nitrified liquid return flow to influent flow, used for internal system denitrification to boost total nitrogen removal efficiency.
137. External Recirculation Ratio
Ratio of sludge return flow to influent flow, used to stabilize sludge concentration in aeration tanks and maintain balanced system operation.
138. Inoculation
Operation of dosing mature sludge to cultivate basic microbial flora when newly building or restarting biochemical systems.
139. Acclimation
Gradually adjusting influent water quality and load to cultivate toxin-resistant and stable microbial flora adapted to industrial wastewater.
140. Organic Loading
Weight of organic pollutants degradable per unit mass of activated sludge per unit time.
141. Volumetric Loading
Total quantity of pollutants degradable per unit effective tank volume per unit time.
142. Shock Loading
Sharp fluctuations in influent water quality, flow rate and toxicity, leading to reduced microbial activity and deteriorated system working conditions.
143. ORP (Oxidation-Reduction Potential)
Parameter characterizing the overall redox state of water bodies, unit: mV, assisting regulation of biochemical reaction environment.
144. DO (Dissolved Oxygen)
Molecular oxygen dissolved in water, the most critical control parameter for aerobic biochemical reactions.
145. Aeration
Forced gas-water contact via aeration equipment to oxygenate water, agitate liquid and strip volatile impurities simultaneously.
146. Oxygen Transfer Rate / Oxygen Transfer Efficiency
Index measuring oxygen supply capacity of aeration equipment, reflecting oxygenation effect per unit energy consumption.
147. Plug Flow Activated Sludge Process
Wastewater flows unidirectionally along the tank, pollutants are degraded section by section, featuring stable working conditions and strong shock resistance.
148. SBR (Sequencing Batch Reactor)
Intermittent process; a single tank independently completes the whole process: water inflow, reaction, sedimentation, drainage and idling.
149. Microscopic Examination
Observing morphology and species of sludge microorganisms under a microscope to quickly judge operating status of biochemical systems.
150. Protozoa
Single-celled microorganisms (paramecium, vorticella, etc.), important indicator organisms reflecting sludge operation status.
151. Metazoa
Multi-celled microorganisms (rotifers, etc.); their massive presence indicates stable water quality and sound operation of biochemical systems.
152. Non-filamentous Bulking
Zoogloea secretes excessive viscous polysaccharides, making sludge sticky with poor settling and compaction performance.
153. Filamentous Bulking
Abnormal over-propagation of filamentous bacteria interspersing flocs, resulting in fluffy, loose sludge difficult to settle.
154. Over-aeration
Insufficient carbon source and excessively high dissolved oxygen lead to over-oxidation of microorganisms and self-decomposition of bacterial cells.
155. Exogenous Respiration
Microorganisms metabolize exogenous organic pollutants in water to obtain energy.
156. Endogenous Respiration
Microorganisms decompose their own cell substances to sustain basic metabolism when no external nutrients exist in water.
157. Sludge Aging
Excessively long sludge retention time and long-term low-load operation reduce sludge activity, fragment bacterial cells and worsen settling performance.
158. Excess Sludge
Surplus sludge beyond system demand under normal biochemical operation, which must be regularly discharged and disposed to balance sludge retention time.
159. Ammonification
Biochemical process where microorganisms decompose organic nitrogen in water and convert it into ammonia nitrogen.
160. Nitrification
Reaction where ammonia nitrogen is gradually oxidized to nitrite and nitrate under aerobic and suitable temperature conditions.
161. Denitrification
Under anoxic conditions, denitrifying bacteria reduce nitrate nitrogen to nitrogen gas to realize wastewater nitrogen removal.
162. Shortcut Nitrification-Denitrification
Reaction conditions are controlled to oxidize ammonia nitrogen only to nitrite stage followed by direct denitrification, shortening process flow and cutting energy consumption.
163. SND (Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification)
High-efficiency nitrogen removal process with aerobic nitrification and anoxic denitrification occurring simultaneously in one single reactor tank.
164. Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (Anammox)
Under special anaerobic conditions, microorganisms directly oxidize ammonia nitrogen into nitrogen gas using nitrite as electron acceptor for high-efficiency and low-energy nitrogen removal.
165. Breakpoint Chlorination
Accurate control of chlorine dosage to cross the reaction breakpoint and thoroughly oxidize ammonia nitrogen in water into nitrogen gas for ammonia removal.
166. Struvite Precipitation Method
Magnesium salts are dosed to combine ammonium and phosphate in water into magnesium ammonium phosphate precipitate, removing ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus simultaneously.
167. Biological Phosphorus Removal
Polyphosphate accumulating bacteria release phosphorus under anaerobic conditions and absorb excessive phosphorus under aerobic conditions; phosphorus is removed by discharging phosphorus-rich excess sludge.
168. Chemical Phosphorus Removal
Metal agents such as iron salts and aluminum salts are added to react with phosphate in water to form precipitates for phosphorus elimination.
169. Gasification Phosphorus Removal
Under extreme anaerobic conditions, microorganisms reduce phosphate into escaping phosphine gas for phosphorus removal, rarely applied in engineering projects.
170. Sludge Drying
Sludge moisture is removed via percolation, hot air evaporation and other methods to realize sludge reduction and stabilization.
171. Anaerobic Reactor
Sealed reaction equipment specially designed for anaerobic microorganisms to degrade pollutants, applied to high-concentration organic wastewater treatment.
172. Anaerobic Granular Sludge
Spherical granular sludge self-aggregated in anaerobic systems, featuring excellent settling performance, high treatment efficiency and strong shock resistance.
173. Aerobic Granular Sludge
Dense granular sludge self-aggregated under aerobic environment with stable structure and high sludge concentration.
174. MBR (Membrane Bioreactor)
Precision membrane modules replace traditional secondary sedimentation tanks to achieve high-efficiency mud-water separation and greatly improve effluent quality.
175. Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP)
Strongly oxidizing hydroxyl radicals are generated to decompose refractory organics that cannot be degraded by conventional processes.
176. Hydroxyl Radical
Highly oxidative active group capable of non-selective thorough decomposition of refractory organic pollutants.
177. Evaporation & Crystallization
High-salinity wastewater is concentrated by heating until salts reach saturation and precipitate as crystals, realizing thorough separation of salt and water.
178. Halophilic Bacteria
Special salt-tolerant microorganisms capable of surviving, metabolizing and degrading pollutants normally in high-salinity wastewater.
179. Reclaimed Water Reuse
Wastewater after advanced compliant treatment is reused for non-drinking scenarios including production makeup water, site cleaning and landscape replenishment.
180. Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD)
Industrial wastewater undergoes multi-stage concentration, cyclic reuse and crystallization solidification for efficient water recovery, with basically no liquid effluent discharged outwards.
Conclusion
This document comprehensively covers three major industrial water treatment sectors: pure water production, circulating cooling water and wastewater treatment. All term definitions are easy to understand while remaining rigorous and professional. It is highly suitable for new practitioners in water treatment to learn, for daily technical review, and for archiving industry technical documents.
